COMPUTER NETWORK TOPOLOGY ( BUS, RING, STAR, MESH, TREE, HYBRID )

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

It is the schematic description of a network arrangement connecting various nodes ( Sender or Reciever ) through lines of connection.

Types of Topology.

1. Bus Topology.
2. Ring Topology.
3. Star Topology.
4. Mesh Topology.
5. Tree Topology.
6. Hybrid Topology.

BUS TOPOLOGY

It is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two ends points, It is called linear Bus topology.

Features.

• It transmits data in only one direction.
• Every device is connected to a single cable.

Advantages.

• Cost effective, 
• Used in small networks.
• Easy to Understand.
• Easy to expand joining two cables together 
• Cable required is least compared to other network topology.

Disadvantages.

• Cables fails then whole network fails.
• Cable has a limited length.
• Slower than the Ring topology and other topologies.

RING TOPOLOGY

It is called Ring topology because it forms a ring as each connected to another computer with the last one connected to the first.

Features.

• A number of repeaters are used for ring topology with large number of nodes because if someone wants to send some data to last node in the 100 topology with 100 nodes. Then the data will have pass through 99 node to reach the 100 node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the networks.
• The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections between each network node.
• Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted has to pass through each node of the network till the destination node.

Advantages.

• Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
• Cheap to install and expand.

Disadvantages.

• Troubleshooting is difficult in Ring topology.
• Failure of the computer disturbs the whole network.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In this topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central node. 

Features..

• Every node has its own dedicated to the hub.
• Hub acts as a repeater for data flows.
• Can be used with twisted pair, Optical fibre or Coxial cable.

Advantages.

• Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
• Hub can be upgraded easily.
• Easy to troubleshoot. 
• Easy to setup and modify.
• Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the node can work smoothly.

Disadvantages.

• Cost of installation is high.
• Expensive to use.
• If the hub failed then the whole network is stopped because all the node depend on the hub.
• Performance is based on the hub that is depend on its capacity.

MESH TOPOLOGY

It is point to point connection to other nodes or devices.All the network nodes connected to each other. Mesh has  n(n-1)/2  physically channels to link n device.

Features.

• Full connected.
• Robust.
• Not flexible.

There are two techniques to transmit data.

1. Routing. 
2. Flooding.

Advantages..

• Each connection can carry its own data load.
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages..

• Installation and Configuration is high.
• Cabling cost is more.
• Bulk wiring is required.

TREE TOPOLOGY

It has a root node and all other nodes connected to its forming hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should have least three levels to the hierarchy.

Features..

• Ideal if workstations are work in groups.
• Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages.

• Extension of star and bus topology.
• Extension of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages.

• Heavily cabled , due to this it is more costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance s difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

It is a two different types of topologies, which is a mix of two or more topologies.

Features.

• It is a combination of two or more topologies.
• Inherits the advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages..

• Reliable as error detecting and troubleshooting is easy.
• Scalable as size can  be increased easily.
• Flexible.

Disadvantages..

• Complex in Design.
• Costly.

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